Paronychia causes and treatment

 

Paronychia is an infection or inflammation around the nails, usually affecting the skin at the base or sides of a fingernail or toenail. It can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (lasting more than six weeks). Here’s a breakdown of its common types, causes, and treatments:

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Types of Paronychia

1. Acute Paronychia

   • Cause: Usually bacterial (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus). It is often triggered by trauma, such as nail biting, hangnails, manicures, or cuts around the nail.
   • Symptoms: Sudden onset of pain, redness, swelling, and pus formation around the nail.

2. Chronic Paronychia

   • Cause: Often fungal (Candida species) and may involve bacterial infections. It occurs due to repeated exposure to moisture, irritants, or chemicals, often seen in people like dishwashers, healthcare workers, or people with diabetes.
   • Symptoms: Gradual swelling, redness, and tenderness around the nail with thickened or deformed nails over time.

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Common Causes

1. Trauma or damage to the nail or surrounding tissue (e.g., from biting, trimming too closely, or ingrown nails).
2. Prolonged moisture exposure, leading to fungal overgrowth (common in chronic paronychia).
3. Poor nail hygiene or unclean tools during manicures/pedicures.
4. Underlying health conditions like diabetes or weakened immune systems.
5. Chemical irritants (e.g., detergents, solvents).

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Treatment

Acute Paronychia

1. Warm Water Soaks: Soak the affected finger/toe in warm water 3–4 times daily to reduce swelling and promote drainage.
2. Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin or clindamycin) may be prescribed for bacterial infections.
3. Incision and Drainage: If pus is present, a healthcare professional may need to drain it. Avoid attempting this at home.

Chronic Paronychia

1. Antifungal Treatments: Topical antifungals like clotrimazole or oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole) are prescribed for fungal infections.
2. Avoid Moisture: Keep hands dry and avoid prolonged water exposure. Use gloves if necessary.
3. Topical Steroids: Low-potency corticosteroid creams may help reduce inflammation.
4. General Care:
   • Maintain proper nail hygiene.
   • Avoid irritants and use protective gloves.

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When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if:

• The infection doesn’t improve with home care.
• There’s intense pain, pus, or spreading redness.
• You have a fever or signs of a severe infection.
• You have underlying conditions like diabetes or compromised immunity.

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